but not a requirement;
- Keyword research that consists of a deep competitive analysis;

Price:

Location

33181 North Miami, USA

You must have had the same problem as me by using out-of-date keyword tools that tell you one thing, then once you hit the top spot of Google you get a completely different result. This is why I came up with Keyword Kung Fu, and its these methods I use for my new keyword discovery research, if only I found this out before I wasted my time on several niche keywords!!. Basically this report walks you through researching keywords after you have found a niche to work with, to make things even

List Price: $ 15.97

Price:

look downstairs into stairwell whirl


Image by quapan
leaning over the banisters and looking downstairs into the staircase.
banister, the structure formed by the uprights and handrail at the side of a staircase. Origin: 17th cent. alteration of baluster. from greek: balaustion = curving calyx tube of a wild pomegranate flower.
gradient, the vector formed by the nabla-operator on a scalar function at a given point in a scalar field. color gradient.
gradience between stairwell and staircase.
slink verb: move smoothly and quietly with gliding steps, in a stealthy or sensuous manner. noun: an act of moving in this way
ORIGIN: Old English slincan ‘crawl,creep’; compare with Old German slinken ‘subside, sink, wind’ and (far)slintan ‘devour ‘ slinky informal graceful or sinuous in movement, line or figure
whirl Old Norse hvirfla ‘turn about’ or hvirfill circle, Middle Low German wervel ‘spindle’ or Quirl
helix an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly in single layer around a cylinder or cone, as in a corkscrew or staircase geometry a curve on a conical or cylindrical surface which would become a straight line if the surface were unrolled into a plane Architecture a spiral ornament Biochemistry an extended spiral chain of atoms in a protein, nucleic acid, or other polymeric molecule anatomy the rim of the external ear (–>Dionysos & Ariadne / FN & CW) [_NODE_p852_]

Raoul Francé has distinguished seven biotechnical constructional elements: crystal, sphere, cone, plate, strip, rod and spiral (screw); he says that these are the basic technical elements of the whole world (Fig.27). They suffice for all processes, and are sufficient to bring them to their optimum. The constructive application of these elements, in particular the spiral (screw) has led to solutions that are astonishing in their relation to earlier (baroque) aesthetic principles.
Today we consciously employ the whole stock of biotechnical elements, and the outcome is new conception of beauty – exemplified by radio towers, chemical plants etc.
Quotation from ‘The New Vision’ 1928 fourth revised edition 1947 (translated from the German by Daphne M. Hoffman), page 46. Written by László Moholy-Nagy. Copyright, 1947, by Wittenborn-Schulz, Inc. 38 East 57th street, New York 22, N.Y. Manufactured in the USA by E.L. Hildreth and Co., Brattleboro, Vermont. Reprinted 1949.

It seems that we like the emergent constructs, fractal and nested, that arise from iterative computations (evolution, organic growth…).
In other words, we appreciate the accumulated computational complexity produced by evolutionary dynamics (genetic and memetic). Henry Markram from EPFL showed videos of the morphologically complex dendritic maps from the 10K neurons in one human cortical column. An IBM BlueGene computer runs at 22 Tera FLOPS to model 10 million dynamic synapses for those 10K neurons. Art imitates life
This DNA could be read because of new genome sequencing technology that has become available only in the past few years. The sequencing was conducted by 454 Life Sciences, which recently mapped the genetic code of James Watson, who with Francis Crick identified the double-helix structure of DNA.
Preliminary analysis of the Neanderthal genome has identified several critical genes that are similar or different to modern humans. Neanderthals do not appear to have the gene for lactase, which allows adults to digest milk and is common among Europeans and some Africans, but rare elsewhere in the world. ‘Neanderthal genome will unlock secrets of human evolution’, From The Times Online on February 12, 2009 written by Science Editor Mark Henderson, Chicago.
Notes on the Labyrinth, DNA and Planetary Alignment The labyrinth is an example of what Gurdjieff called objective magick, a coherent symbol construct capable of working directly on the unconscious mind. Its origins are mysterious, although the maze family of symbols have been traced back over 3500 years in places as diverse as Peru, Arizona, Iceland, Crete, India, Egypt and Sumatra. This symbolic continuity is perhaps our strongest proof of its spiritual coherence and magickal effectiveness. by Vincent Bridges. Copyright: Sangraal – Sacred Geometry and Alchemy, Grassy Branch Loop Sevierville, Tennessee 37876

spiral staircases@flickr.com
- Pagoda in Singapore
- Musei Vaticani

GOOGLE SEARCH ‘look downstairs into stairwell whirl’ (287 results on Sept 5th 2009 | 15,800 results on Oct 20th 2010)
@flickr hive mind …world’s best photos of keywords XY
doublehelix, doublehelix, spiral, vertigo, vortex
@spiral.gallery Spiral, Circle
@UNjobs Nucleic Acids p2, Computational Complexity
@picturesandbox (free photos) look downstairs into stairwell whirl [backup], spiral, genetic, surf
@ m a h a lo Neanderthal-DNA, common logarithm
@wordnik (definition, examples, wordfrequency …) stairway, stairwell, centrifugal, logarithm, whirl, vortex
@djibnet.com look downstairs into stairwell whirl (backup)
@musicspot.fr look downstairs into stairwell whirl (backup)
@amazonaws1280 x 960 [pixel] (backup)
@igosso stairway #61 / 2660
@positivematrix (pursuingpassions) using-tools-wisely (January 3, 2008)
BLOGS
@slateandshellpdx Oil and Water – Physics and the Five Phases? by Chinese medicine student, December 20, 2008
@blogspot Phobias Adventures in anxiety land by The Blue Morpho, March 17, 2009
@realitysandwich Psychiatry Almost Drove Me Crazy 6-9-10 • Paul Levy’s blog
@7Gen Blog Pride of Frankenstein by the Inkslinger – August 27, 2009 Famed geneticist Craig Venter has apparently created a genetic code for a never-before-seen bacteria and intends to insert this DNA into a host cell to create a brand new synthetic species. … Human ingenuity got us into so many of today’s eco-jams, we now need to focus it on getting us out of them.
@boingboing Genes are left-wing Cory Doctorow, Oct 13, 2010 In developed nations, women and those on a low income are twice as likely to be depressed as men and the wealthy… The political right believes that genes largely explain why the poor are poor, as well as twice as likely as the rich to be mentally ill … Writing in 2000, the political scientist Charles Murray made a rash prediction he may now regret. "The story of human nature, as revealed by genetics and neuroscience, will be conservative in its political [shape]." The American poor would turn out to have significantly different genes to the affluent: "This is not unimaginable. It is almost certainly true." Almost certainly false, more like. (mirror at myaverageblog)
@2012 Doomsday Predictions Countdown Nostradamus – Mayans – Sun Flares – Planet X – Pole Shifts March 9th 2010
@Look Far The Art Of Self Awareness Life Is Not A Straight Line by Amanda Linehan, March 5th 2010
@??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? (Global standards have reached the Bashkir oil)@ investcafe by ????????? ???????, 10 ???? 2010
@Yet again, another blog about recursion @recursively recursive.wordpress, 14 October 2010, post by tony ricochet : This image of recursion is not done in software – it’s an amazing achievement in bricks and mortar (and a beautiful photograph): ??Thanks to quapan. It’s presumably his or her foot that can be seen at the bottom of the photo. Nice to see the maker’s mark in the artefact itself.

Top 10 Hacks on Flickr


Image by Thomas Hawk
Top 10 Flickr Hacks, 2011 Edition. These are ways that you can enhance your Flickr experience through either tools developed outside of Flickr by independent developers or though little known ways that many don’t know about to use the site.

I’m an active Flickr user on a daily basis and am always on the lookout for ways to improve my own experience. If you have other hacks that you feel are valuable and know about, feel free to share them in the comments.

1. SuprSetr. Without a doubt the best piece of third-party software ever developed for Flickr. Flickr should buy this software from its developer Jeremy Brooks and integrate it into the entire Flickr experience. SuprSetr allows you to organize your sets on Flickr by keywords or tags. Let’s say (for instance) you want to make a set of all of your photos that you’ve taken in San Francisco (yes, all 17,000+ of them).

Simply tell SuprSetr to create a set by this tag and it will automatically build one for you. It can arrange the photos in your set by interestingness (flickr’s internal rating system based on a photo’s activity), by date taken or uploaded, or in no particular order. You have control over the main thumbnail for the set as well.

Jeremy hasn’t officially released it yet, but I’ve been testing the final 1.0 release and it’s the best version yet. It filters wicked fast.

I’m using SuprSetr to manage my almost 1,500 sets on Flickr and it works like a charm. This is a far more efficient way to manage your sets on Flickr than to manually organize each and every one by hand, having to add a photo to a set every single time you do another upload.

Jeremy’s also developed tagerator, a great tool to analyze your flickr tags, make tag clouds, and rank your tags by now many times they are used. I found tagerator a great tool to find misspelled tags of mine and correct them.

2. Flickr Non-Reciprocal Contacts Finder. When Flickr redid their contacts page, they took out some functionality that was in the beta in the final release due to "drama". What they took out was the ability to see who your non-reciprocal contacts are on Flickr. You know the type. They add you. You add them back. And then they dump and you didn’t even realize it. Or maybe it’s just that you weren’t aware that your so called friend of 3 years decided to unfriend you. Unfriending is messy business for any social network — especially when they want you to feel all warm and fuzzy about your time spent there.

But if *do* want to know who those people who have dumped you are, it’s as easy as installing Tom Harrison’s Flickr Non-Reciprocal Contacts Finder greasemonkey script. It works for Firefox and Chrome and you can get it here. With Tom’s script, under the normal "your contacts page" any who do not reciprocate back are returned in red text. This way you can know who’s not following you back better. By the way, this script is working in Firefox for me right now but not Chrome for some reason.

What Flickr taketh away, Tom Harrison giveth back.

3. Google Reader. For over six years now Group Search on Flickr has been broken, badly. If you try to do a search for a term in a Group’s discussion threads, results are haphazard at best. Recently it seems that they may have stopped indexing group discussion threads entirely. A group that I started last week Hot Box Uncensored (go check it out, it’s the best new group on Flickr) returns zero results for search for every single keyword that I’ve been able to test thus far.

You would think that Yahoo, of all companies, would know a thing or two about indexing text for search, right? But apparently not.

To get around Yahoo/Flickr’s super poor ability to index Flickr Group discussions, simply get a subscription to your favorite group’s threads in Google Reader. Google are pure Pros at search (as opposed to those Yahoos at Yahoo) and get it right perfectly every time.

Going forward, any threads in a group discussion will be indexed for you in that RSS feed. Then you can search for a topic/discussion/etc. in your favorite group and get a link in reader right back to it perfectly thanks to Google’s wonderful reliability.

Thanks, Ther!

4. Favorite Finder. Want to know how many times someone’s faved your photos or how many times you’ve faved theirs? Want to see which photos your ex-girlfriend is faving of the new guy in her life (joking, joking, completely joking about that). Then check out Big Huge Lab’s Favorite Finder.

This tool lets you put any two flickr users names into a form and returns how many (and which) of your photos that they’ve faved. For instance, you can see the 101 Thomas Hawk photos that Smoothdude has faved here.

Big Huge Labs also has a pretty good app called Flickr DNA where you can put in any Flickr user’s name and it returns much more indepth information about them than the basic flickr profile page, including their most interesting photos on Flickr. You can check out my Flickr DNA profile here.

5. h4ppierphotos. Flickr’s organizer tool is good. But h4ppierphotos is even better at some things.

For example, let’s say you accidentally tagged all of your photos of your recent trip to the desert "dessert" (remember folks dessert has two s because you always like to go back for seconds). Presently with Flickr there is no way to go back and remove the 100 or so bad tags you made. You have to remove them one by one individually. This is where h4ppierphotos can be helpful. Simply tell h4ppierphotos to filter your photos with the tag that you want to remove and then have it remove all of them in bulk for you.

h4ppierphotos does lots of other things as well, want to do bulk date changes on your photos, or privacy or licensing settings? No problem.

6. FlickrMud. Is Flickr blocked at your work? Has your dictator’s regime decided to block your flickr? Is there some reason why you can’t get in Flickr through the front door at flickr.com? Then go in through the back door with Flickr’s unofficial alternate url world FlickrMud.

Instead of accessing thomashawk’s flickrstream with the normal url like this: www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/. You access it with this url instead: www.flickr.mud.yahoo.com/photos/thomashawk By adding the .mud.yahoo before the .com oftentimes you can access the site because this way of accessing Flickr is much less known and less likely to be blocked.

7. Fitr Flickr. Didn’t you just hate it when Yahoo shoved that Yahoo Corp. logo bug down our throats right up there on the top of every page next to the Flickr logo?

If you’re like me and hate the constant reminder that Yahoo owns Flickr, use Dan Pupius‘ Fitr Flickr Chrome Extension (you are using Chrome and not one of those "other" browsers right?) Dan wrote a nice little piece of code that just zaps that little Yahoo logo part out of existence for you (unless you hover over the logo).

But no, that’s not really the main reason to use Fitr Flickr. One of the nice things that Fitr Flickr does is shows a photo’s EXIF data information (where supplied by a user) in small unobtrusive text, right below the photo. Now instead of having to go hunt for a photos particular iso settings, etc. It’s right there for you where you need it. It also includes tag autocomplete functionality that you might find helpful when adding tags on your photos on Flickr as well.

8. Hacking Explore. For those of you not blacklisted from Explore (like I am), there are a couple of interesting tools for exploring Explore, Flickr’s section of their top 500 photos each day. First, you can use Scout to find out which of your own photos have appeared in Explore. Next if you want to filter all the "crap" out of explore and only have it return photos of your contact’s photos you can use Drew Meyer’s script to only show you photos from your contacts that have made it.

9. Get Rid of Paging on the Sets Pages. Don’t you just hate paging? I do. Paging sucks!

Flickr used to let you and other users see all of your sets on one page. Then they changed it to a miserly 30 sets per page and paged the sets page. To see all of my sets now I’d have to page through 50 pages (ugh!). This makes it especially hard when you have a lot of sets to find sets or just see everything at a glance.

To get around this limitation simply paste in the code (don’t use the quotation marks though) "?page=1&per_page=10000" at the end of any sets url on Flickr. This way you will get to see up to 10,000 of that users (or your own) sets on Flickr on a single page. For example to see all 1,490 of my sets on a single page go to my normal sets page with the code that I added on the end like this: www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/sets/?page=1&per_pag…

10. Rich text edit. Like bolding, italicizing, linking things, etc. in your comments on photos but hate having to manually type out the html code to do so? Then get this handy little rich text edit greasemonkey script which gives you a nice little menu at the top of your posts to use.

BONUS TIP:

TO GET AROUND THIS SILLY LIMITATION, SIMPLY REPLACE ONE OF YOUR LARGE CAP I’S WITH A SMALL CAP L. IT LOOKS THE SAME TO THE USER BUT WITH THE SINGLE SMALL CAP L IN THERE IT ALLOWS YOU TO STILL SHOUT ON FLICKR IF YOU NEED TO.

Bark of Dimocarpus Longan, Dragon Eye, Longan tree ….V? c?a cây Nhãn …


Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Vietnamese named : Nhãn
Common names : Longan, Dragon eye, Leng Keng
Scientist name : Dimocarpus longan Lour.
Synonyms : Synonyms: Nephelium longan (Lam.) Carm.; Euphoria longana Steud.
Family : Sapindaceae. H? B? Hòn
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Rosids
Order:Sapindales
Genus:Dimocarpus
Species:D. longan

Links :

**** vho.vn/view.htm?ID=2560&keyword=gan
Nhãn – Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Euphoria longan (Lour.) Stend.), thu?c h? B? hòn – Sapindaceae.

Mô t?: Cây cao 5-10m, tán lá tròn xoè ra và r?m r?p. Cành non có lông. Lá m?c so le, kép lông chim, g?m 3-5 ?ôi lá chét nh?n, m?t d??i màu th?m h?n. Hoa x?p thành chu? m?c ? ng?n cành và ? nách lá, màu vàng nh?t. Qu? tròn, v? qu? vàng tr?n nh?n. H?t ?en nhánh. Áo h?t màu tr?ng trong bao quanh h?t và không dính vào h?t, khi chín thì ng?t và ?n mát.

B? ph?n dùng: Áo h?t (hay g?i là cùi) – Arillus Longan, th??ng g?i là Long nhãn nh?c. H?t, lá c?ng ???c dùng.

N?i s?ng và thu hái: G?c ? ?n ??, ???c tr?ng ? vùng ??ng b?ng. Nhãn d? tr?ng, m?c nhanh, thích h?p v?i ??t th?t pha cát, n?i có l?p ??t canh tác sâu. Có th? tr?ng b?ng h?t, b?ng cành chi?t hay ghép cây. ?? 4-5 n?m thì có qu?, th?i gian cho qu? c?ng r?t lâu. Vào tháng 6-8, khi Nhãn chín, thu v?, ph?i n?ng hay s?y cho cùi vàng ??u thì l?t cùi, ph?i ti?p ??n khô thì dùng. H?t dùng ph?i khô. R? và lá thu hái quanh n?m.

Thành ph?n hoá h?c: Cùi Nhãn còn t??i có các thành ph?n sau, tính theo %: n??c 77,15, tro 0,01, ch?t béo 0,13, protid 1,47, h?p ch?t có nitrogen tan trong n??c 20,55, ???ng saccharose 12,25, vitamin A và B. Cùi Nhãn khô ch?a n??c 0,85, ch?t tan trong n??c 79,77, ch?t không tan trong n??c 19,39, tro 3,36. Trong ph?n tan trong n??c có glucose 26,91%, saccharose 0,22%, acid tartric 1,26%, ch?t có nitrogen 6,309%.

H?t Nhãn ch?a tinh b?t, saponin, ch?t béo và tanin. Lá ch?a quercetrin, quercetin, tanin.

Tính v?, tác d?ng: Cùi Nhãn có v? ng?t, tính ?m; có tác d?ng b? tâm, an th?n, ki?n t?, làm t?ng c? nh?c. H?t có v? m?n, tính bình, có tác d?ng thu li?m ch? huy?t. Lá có tác d?ng h? nhi?t, tiêu viêm. R? có tác d?ng l?i ti?u và ho?t huy?t.

Công d?ng: Các b? ph?n khác nhau c?a Nhãn ???c dùng nh? sau:

- Cùi Nhãn dùng ch?a trí nh? suy gi?m hay quên, t? l? quá ?? m?t ng?, th?n kinh suy nh??c, tâm th?n m?t m?i h?i h?p, ho?ng h?t, gan kém, t? kém, huy?t h?, rong kinh, ?m y?u sau khi b? b?nh. Dùng 9-15g.

- R? ch?a d??ng tr?p ni?u, b?ch ??i, th?ng phong. Dùng 15-30g.

- Lá dùng ng?a s?i, tr? c?m l?nh, s?t rét, viêm ru?t. Dùng 10-15g. Lá n?u n??c t?m tr? eczema bìu dái.

- H?t dùng tr? ?au d? dày, ?au thoát v?, m?n nh?t và b?ng, v?t th??ng ch?y máu. Dùng 10-15g d?ng thu?c s?c. ??ng th?i tán b?t, hoà v?i d?u D?a dùng bôi vào ch? ?au.

- V? cây và v? qu? dùng ch?a b?ng, ch?a sâu r?ng. ??t, tán b?t hay n?u cao bôi.

Ghi chú: Còn có th? Nhãn tà, Nhãn cám – Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. longan var. obtusa (Pierre) Leenh., có qu? ?n ???c và dùng làm thu?c nh? Nhãn và c? c?ng dùng ch?a v?t th??ng và c?m máu

**** www.khuyennongvn.gov.vn/e-khcn/ghep-bo-cay-nhan-xuong-com…
Ghép bo cây nhãn xu?ng c?m vàng ?? ng?n ch?n b?nh ch?i r?ng ?ang gây h?i hàng ngàn ha nhãn t?i ?BSCL

**** cnx.org/content/m30716/latest/?collection=col10800/1.1
s? ra hoa và bi?n pháp x? lý ra hoa nhãn

**** www.thaythuoccuaban.com/vithuoc/longnhan nhuc.htm
**** thuocdongduoc.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar…

____________________________________________________________

**** edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg049
Longan Growing in the Florida Home Landscape1
Other common names: English – lungan, dragon eye; Spanish – mamoncillo chino, longana; Malaysian and Indonesian – leng keng; Thai – lam yai

Scientific name: Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Synonyms: Nephelium longan (Lam.) Carm.; Euphoria longana Steud.

Family: Sapindaceae

Relatives in the same family: Lychee, rambutan, pulasan, akee, Spanish lime, soapberry

Origin: Mayanmar (Burma), southern China, southwest India, Sri Lanka, Indochinese peninsula

Distribution: China, Taiwan, Thailand, Mayanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, India, Australia, Kenya, some Central and South American countries, and South Africa. In the United States longan is grown in Hawaii, California and south Florida. The longan was introduced to the United States in 1903. Commercial acreage in southern Florida was planted in the 1990s and continues to the present.

Importance: Economically the longan is an important crop in southeast Asia and is of increasing importance in Florida.

Botanical Description
Longan tree. Fig. 2. ‘Kohala’ longan tree with fruit.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Tree: The longan is a symmetrical, evergreen tree with dense dark green foliage. Depending upon climate and soil type the tree may grow over 100 ft (31 m) tall. However, in south Florida, trees typically grow to 30-40 ft (9.1-12.2 m) in height and width. The crown tends to be round or oblong and the bark is corky.

Longan leaves. Fig. 3. ‘Kohala’ longan leaves.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Leaves: The pinnately compound alternate leaves are dark green, shiny, leathery, up to 12 inches (30 cm) long with wavy margins and blunt pointed tips. There are 6 to 9 pairs of leaflets per leaf.

Longan flowers. Fig. 4. ‘Kohala’ longan panicle in flower.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Flowers: Inflorescences are terminal, 4 to 18 inches (10-45 cm) long, erect and widely branched. The inflorescence is commonly called a panicle. Flowers on the panicle are held on numerous cymules on the many branchlets of the panicle. The flowers are small and have 5 to 6 sepals and petals, and are brownish yellow or greenish yellow, with a two-lobed pistil and usually 8 stamens. Panicles may carry a few to more than 350 fruit. There are 3 flower types in longan, staminate (functionally male), pistillate (functionally female) and hermaphroditic (bisexual). Flowering in each panicle occurs in progressive openings of staminate (male) flowers first, then hermaphroditic flowers functioning as females and then hermaphroditic flowers functioning as males.

‘Kohola’ longan. Fig. 5. ‘Kohala’ longan fruit.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Fruit: The drupaceous fruit are spherical to ovoid, ¾ to 1 7/16 inches (22-36 mm) in diameter and 0.21 to 0.67 oz (6-19 g) in weight. The peel is tan or light brown, thin, leathery and smoother than that of the lychee. The pulp is whitish and translucent; thin in large seeded fruits and medium thick to thick in others. Fruit have 1 seed; globular and shiny, brown to dark brown. The pulp does not adhere to the seed and is flavorful and sweet with 12-21% soluble solids. The time from flowering to harvest is 140 to 190 days.

Season of bearing: The main bloom season for longans in south Florida is from February/March through April and the beginning of May. However, some cultivars will produce off-season blooms after the crop is harvested in late August and September. The off-season crop matures in the fall.

Varieties
There are numerous cultivars of longan; however, world-wide only 30 to 40 are grown commercially. Reliable bearing is the major production problem for longan throughout the world. In Florida, 99% of the acreage is planted with ‘Kohala’. Other cultivars have been introduced, some for a long time and others recently (Table 1). A number of new and re-introductions including ‘Edau’ (‘Daw’), ‘Chompoo’, ‘Haew’, and ‘Biew Kiew’ are under evaluation by several institutions and producers. However, nothing superior to ‘Kohala’ has been identified.

One of the recently introduced cultivars is named ‘Diamond River’. This cultivar is from Thailand and is reported to fruit every year, be precocious, produce off-season, and produce a sizeable late season crop. However, fruit quality is only fair and the tree is very susceptible to limb breakage.

Climate
Longan is a subtropical tree well adapted to tropical climates with distinctive wet/dry periods and subtropical areas with a cool, nonfreezing fall/winter period. Longans are indigenous to lowland and middle elevations in southeast Asia and grow at elevations from sea level to 1500 feet (1.8-460 m).

Longans produce more reliably in areas characterized by low non-freezing temperatures (59°F; 15°C or less) and a dry period during the fall and winter (October-February). Warm temperatures (70-85°F; 21-29°C) during spring, followed by high summer temperatures (80-95°F; 27-35°C) and nonlimiting soil moisture are best for fruit development.

Warm and rainy winters are conducive to vegetative growth and reduce flowering and fruit production. Excessive rains during flowering cause flower drop and may reduce pollination and fruit set. Young longan leaves are sensitive to strong winds during vegetative flushing which may result in leaf dehydration, browning and deformation.

Environmental Stress Physiology
Drought
Longan is tolerant of dry soil conditions. Withholding or reducing watering during the late summer/early fall through winter is recommended to stop or reduce excessive vegetative growth and enhance subsequent flowering during the spring. However, for optimum fruit production and quality, regular irrigation is recommended from flowering through harvest.

Flood
Longan is not tolerant of excessively wet or flooded soil conditions When ambient temperatures are high, young trees may decline and die with as little as 5 to 10 days of flooding or constantly wet soil conditions.

Cold
Longan is slightly less cold tolerant than lychee. Young trees are very susceptible to freezing temperatures with severe damage at 29° to 31°F (-1 to –0.5°C) and may be killed at 26° to 28°F (-2 to –3°C). Older trees are more cold tolerant but branches are injured at 25° to 26°F (-3 to -4°C) with very severe damage or death below 24°F (-4°C).

Wind
Longan trees are tolerant of windy conditions and young trees can generally be established on windy sites. Mature trees pruned to limit their hieght to 10 to 20 ft (3.1-6.1 m) are more likely to survive hurricane force winds. The most common damage from hurricane winds is toppling over of the trees and loss of most limbs. Windy, dry, cool weather during flowering desiccates flowers and reduces fruit set.

Salt
Longan is not tolerant of saline soil and water conditions. Symptoms of salt stress include marginal and tip necrosis of leaves, leaf browning and drop, stem dieback, and tree death.

Propagation
Longan may be grown from seed, however, cultivars do not come true from seed, may be slow to bear, and the fruit of inferior quality. Seedlings may be used for selection of new cultivars or rootstocks. Air layering (marcottage) is the most common propagation method used in Florida. April through August is the best time for air layering and roots form within 10 to 12 weeks. Grafting onto seedling rootstock may be done by side veneer or cleft grafting. Seedlings are usually grafted when pencil size (3/8th inch; 8 mm) or larger stem diameter. Trees may be top-worked by grafting onto selected vigorous shoots. Trees may also be propagated by cuttings with mist and bottom heat.

Production (Crop Yields)
Seedling trees may take up to 6 years to bear fruit, whereas air layered trees may bear fruit 2 to 3 years after planting. In general, longan trees bear erratically (i.e., not every year) and in some years little to no fruit is produced. Yields from individual mature trees may range from 50 to over 500 lbs (23-227 kg).

Spacing
Longans grow fairly fast and at maturity, are large trees. Homeowners should plant longan trees 22 to 25 ft (6.7-7.6 m) or more away from other trees and structures. Trees planted too close to other trees or structures may not grow normally or produce much fruit due to shading.

Soils
Longan trees thrive on various soil types provided they are well drained. They do well on sandy loams, sand and calcareous, rocky soils of south Florida.

Planting a Longan Tree
Properly planting a longan tree is one of the most important steps in successfully establishing and growing a strong, productive tree. The first step is to choose a healthy nursery tree. Commonly, nursery longan trees are grown in 3 gallon containers and trees stand 2 to 4 ft (0.6-0.9 m) from the soil media. Large trees in smaller containers should be avoided as the root system may be "root bound". This means all the available space in the container has been filled with roots to the point that the root system becomes compacted within the container. Root bound root systems may not grow properly once planted in the ground.

Inspect the tree for insect pests and diseases and inspect the trunk of the tree for wounds and constrictions. Select a healthy tree and water it regularly in preparation for planting in the ground.

Planting may be done at any time in south Florida if there is access to water. Otherwise, the best time to plant is in late spring or early summer during the rainy season.

Site Selection
In general, longan trees should be planted in full sun for best growth and fruit production. Select a part of the landscape away from other trees, buildings and structures, and powerlines. Remember longan trees can become very large if not pruned to contain their size. Select the warmest area of the landscape that does not flood (or remain wet) after typical summer rainfall events.

Planting in Sandy Soil
Many areas in Florida have sandy soil. Remove a 3 to 10 ft (0.9-3.1 m) diameter ring of grass sod. Dig a hole 3 to 4 times the diameter and 3 times a deep as the container the longan tree has come in. Making a large hole loosens the soil adjacent to the new tree making it easy for the roots to expand into the adjacent soil. It is not necessary to apply fertilizer, topsoil, or compost to the hole. In fact, placing topsoil or compost in the hole first and then planting on top of it is not desirable. If you wish to add topsoil or compost to the native soil, mix it with the soil excavated from making the hole in no more than a 50-50 ratio.

Backfill the hole with some of the native soil removed to make the hole. Remove the tree from the container and place it in the hole so that the top of the soil media in the container is level with or slightly above the surrounding soil level. Fill soil in around the tree roots and tamp slightly to remove air pockets. Immediately water the soil around the tree and tree roots. Staking the tree with a wooden or bamboo stake is optional. However, do not use wire or nylon rope to tie the tree to the stake as they may eventually damage the tree trunk as it grows. Use a cotton or natural fiber string that will degrade slowly.

Planting in Rockland Soil
Many areas in Miami-Dade County have a very shallow soil and several inches below the soil surface is a hard calcareous bedrock. Remove a 3 to 10 ft (0.9-3.1 m) diameter ring of grass sod. Make a hole 3 to 4 times the diameter and 3 times a deep as the container the longan tree has come in. To dig a hole there are several options use a pick and digging bar to break up the rock or contract with a company that has augering equipment or a backhoe. Plant as described in the previous section.

Planting on a Mound
Many areas in Florida are within 7 ft or so of the water table and experience occasional flooding after heavy rainfall events. To improve plant survival consider planting fruit trees on a 2 to 3 ft (0.6-0.9 m) (1.2-3.1 m) high by 4 to 10 ft diameter mound of native soil.

After the mound is made, dig a hole 3 to 4 times the diameter and 3 times a deep as the container the longan tree has come in. In areas where the bedrock nearly comes to the surface (rockland soil) follow the recommendations for the previous section. In areas with sandy soil follow the recommendations from the section on planting in sandy soil.

Care of Longan Trees in the Home Landscape
A calendar outlining the month-to-month cultural practices for longan is shown in Table 2.

Fertilizer
A month after planting spread 1/4 lb (113 g) per tree of a young tree fertilizer, such as 6-6-6 (% nitrogen-% phosphate-% potassium) with minor elements with 20 to 30% of the nitrogen from organic sources. Repeat this every 6 to 8 weeks for the first year. Then, gradually increase the amount of fertilizer to 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 lb etc., (227 g, 341 g, 454 g, etc.) as the trees grow. Four to 6 dry fertilizer applications per year may be made up to the third year (Table 3).

A foliar fertilizer mix composed of minor nutrients (manganese, zinc, boron, and molybdenum) and magnesium may be applied 4 to 6 times per tree per year any time from April to September. For trees in acid to neutral soils apply iron sulfate at 0.25 to 1 oz per tree to the soil 2 to 4 timers per year. In alkaline soils with a high pH, drench the soil with iron chelate 2 to 3 times per year from June through September. To make a soil drench, mix 0.5 to 0.75 oz (14-21 g) of iron chelate with 4 to 5 gallons (14-19 liters) of water and pour on to the soil adjacent to the tree trunk.

For mature trees, 2.5 to 5.0 lbs of fertilizer per application 2 to 3 times per year is recommended. The fertilizer should be applied just prior or at bloom, perhaps during late spring, and again just before or at harvest. The fertilizer mix should also include phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O); use a 6-6-6, 8-3-9 or similar material.

Irrigation (Watering)
Young trees should be irrigated regularly to facilitate tree establishment and growth. Once trees begin to bear (3 to 4 years after planting), trees should be irrigated regularly from flowering through harvest. Research from other regions has suggested that mild drought stress during the fall (September or October) and early winter enhances flowering in late winter or early spring.

Insect Pests
Longans have a few insect problems in south Florida. The most common pests are the lychee webworm and several scale insects. The lychee webworm (Crocidosema new species) attacks emerging shoots and panicles, flowers and young fruit and if left uncontrolled drastically reduce fruit set and crop yields. Scales include the banana shaped (Coccus acutissimus) and barnacle (Ceroplastes spp.) scales, which attack mostly the underside of leaves and the philephedra scale (Phillephedra tuberculosa) that attacks leaves and fruit. Adult citrus blue-green weevil (Pachnaeus litus), little leaf notcher (Artipus floridanus) and diaprepes weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus) feed on leaves and their larvae feed on roots. They are mostly a problem in marl and sandy soils. Please contact your local County Cooperative Extension Service for current control recommendations.

Diseases
There are no major disease problems of longan at the present time. Red alga (Cephaleuros virescens) attacks limbs and shoots and is most prevalent during high humidity, warm, rainy weather. Symptoms include dark gray to reddish-rust colored patches or spots on bark and/or leaves. In severe infections, leaf drop and stem die back occur. Parasitic lichen (Strigula sp.) may parasitize leaves. Symptoms include white star-shaped spots on leaf surfaces. This lichen colonizes leaves reducing their ability to photosynthesize. Please contact your local County Cooperative Extension Service for current control recommendations.

Weeds
Weeds compete for water and nutrients and will slow tree establishment. Prior to planting trees, remove sod from the area the tree is to be planted in. Grass and weeds should be kept away from the tree trunk. Placing a 2 to 4 inch (5-10 cm) thick layer of mulch will suppress weed and grass growth and hold soil moisture.

Other Pests
Birds such as boat-tailed crackles (Cássidix mexicánus) and monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) may feed on the fruit. Bagging the fruit in paper bags and netting may be used to exclude these birds if they become a major problem.

Longan Trees and Lawn Care
Longan trees in the home landscape are susceptible to trunk injury caused by lawn mowers and weed eaters. Maintain a grass-free area 2 to 5 or more away from the trunk of the tree. Never hit the tree trunk with lawn mowing equipment and never use a weed eater near the tree trunk. Mechanical damage to the trunk of the tree will result in weakening the tree and if severe enough can cause the tree to dieback or die.

Roots of mature longan trees spread beyond the drip-line of the tree canopy and heavy fertilization of the lawn adjacent to longan tree is not recommended and may reduce fruiting and or fruit quality. The use of lawn sprinkler systems on a timer may result in over watering and cause longan tree to decline. This is because too much water, too often is being applied which results in root rot.

Mulch
Mulching longan trees in the home landscape helps retain soil moisture, reduces weed problems adjacent to the tree trunk, and improves the soil near the surface. Mulch with a 2 to 6 inch (5-15 cm) layer of bark, wood chips, or similar mulch material. Keep mulch 8 to 12 inches (20-30 cm) from the trunk.

Tree Training and Pruning
Young Trees
Young longan trees are usually not trained in south Florida. However, young longan trees typically produce 2 to 5 long branches; making a scraggly tree structure with few terminals. However, several techniques will improve tree structure and bearing surface area. At planting or soon afterward, remove limbs with a narrow crotch angle. To force new shoot growth and increase the number of new shoots either bend long upright limbs to a horizontal position by tying or head back upright limbs. Shoot tip removal (removing 1-2 inches of the end of new shoots), once or twice during spring and summer will increase branching and make the tree more compact.

Mature Trees
Tree size control is done to facilitate spraying and picking and to maintain high light levels from the bottom to the top of the tree. It also greatly reduces the potential damage sustained due to hurricanes and strong winds. As trees mature, most of the pruning is done to control tree size (height and width), and to maintain production of the lower tree canopy and light on all sides of the canopy.

Longan trees in the home landscape may be pruned by hand or with gas/oil or electrical cutting tools by selectively thinning out a few moderate and small sized limbs each year. Trees kept 10 to 15 ft high (3.1-4.6 m) and 15 to 30 ft (4.6-9.1 m) wide are easier to care for and pick. They are also less likely to topple during strong winds. If the canopy of the tree becomes too dense, selective removal of some branches will increase air circulation and light penetration.

Fruit Thinning

Longan fruit thining. Fig. 6. Longan fruit thinning.
Credits: Ian Maguire/UF/IFAS/TREC

Longan fruit thining. Fig. 7. Longan fruit thinning – placement of the pruning cut.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Longan fruit thining. Fig. 8.
Credits: Ian Maguire UF/IFAS/TREC
Longan fruit set varies greatly among trees and years. In some years, individual longan panicles set in excess of 300 fruit. However, panicles with 150 or more fruit usually produce small fruit. Removing about 50% of the set fruit during the spring usually results in a large increase in fruit size. Thinning is best done when fruit are ¼ to ½ inches (6-12 mm) in diameter and consists of removing one half to two-thirds of the distal (terminal) end of each panicle.

Harvest, Ripening, and Storage
The longan harvest season in south Florida is from the middle of July to early September but is mainly in August. At maturity, the fruit will be an intense tan color. The main ripeness indicator is pulp sweetness; this occurs before removing the fruit from the tree. Fruit that is 1¼ inches (32 mm) or greater in diameter with good flavor is most desirable. Once removed from the tree, the fruit will not increase in sweetness.

Fruit is harvested by hand, with pruning shears or a pole with a cutter that holds the entire cluster. Usually, a portion of the branch behind the fruit-bearing panicle (about 1 ft; 30 cm) is cut. Harvested fruit should be placed in the shade immediately and then cooled as soon as possible. Longan fruit have a relatively short shelf life when stored at ambient temperatures of 75-85oF (24-29oC). Fruit harvested at home may be placed in plastic bags and kept in the refrigerator for 5 to 7 days.

Uses and Nutritional Value
Longan trees make excellent specimen or shade trees and enhance the landscape with their dark-green foliage. Longans produced in south Florida are consumed fresh or are frozen for later consumption. Fruit may be frozen whole in polyethylene bags or air-tight containers. In other producing countries fruit are dried and canned. This helps to popularize the fruit by extending the normally very short season. The fruit is a good source of potassium and low in calories (Table 4).

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longan

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